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欧洲英文篇一:高中英语必修一第二单元课件
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高中英语必修一第二单元课件：
Unit 2 English around the world教学设计
(1) 课题：English around the world
(2) 教材分析与学生分析： Warming Up部分简要介绍了世界英语的分支以及英语语言在不同国家产生的差异，使学生感受英语语言的多文化、多层次、多元性，对英国英语和美国英语的不同有个粗浅的了解；Pre-Reading部分的两个问题引发学生对课文主题的思考，以便参加课堂活动； Reading部分The Road to Modern English 简要说明了英语语言的起源、发展变化、形成原因，以及它的发展趋势。Comprehending部分旨在检查学生对课文基本内容的理解程度; Learning about Language 部分主要通过各种练习帮助学生重温本单元前几个部分的所学习的新单词和短语，同时也通过新的例子展现了美国英语、英国英语的差异，并着重介绍了半单元的语法项目（祈使句及其间接引语）；Using Language 部分中的Reading and talking主要介绍了当今世界各国各地说英语都有自己的特色，即便是美国东西部、南北部说话均有所不同。
(3) 课时安排：The first period: Speaking: Warming Up and Pre-Reading The second period: Reading The Road to modern English
The third period: Reading (Language points)
The forth Period：Learning about Language
The fifth period: Using Language
The sixth period: Listening
(4)教学目标：
① 知识与技能：了解英语在世界上的发展状况，认识各种各样带有民族、地域特色的英语；对英国英语和美国英语的差异有所了解，尤其是一些常用词汇，比如falt和apartment, lift 和elevator, rubber 和eraser等; 掌握本单元中出现的词汇、短语的用法； 学会语言交际困难的表达法，如pardon, I beg your pardon?; 掌握祈使句及其间接引语的表达法。
② 过程与方法：本单元通过对“世界英语”这一话题的探讨，以加强学生对英语语言的了解，对当代语言特别是英语的发展趋势的了解。在教授本单元时必须强调美国英语、澳大利亚英语、印度英语、新加坡英语等都有各自的规律和和惯用法。要提防学生认为可以滥用英语词汇，随意违反英语语法规则或惯用法，不顾正常的发音、语调等。在学生用书中的听力部分，原文真实的反映了灭国南部地区英语的方言和语音，旨在让学生感受一下将英语作为母语的本国人说话的一个侧面。要注意掌握尺度，让学生感受一下、了解一下，点到为止，不提倡硬性模仿。
③ 情感态度与价值观：了解英国英语和美国英语的区别，两种英语不存在那种好与不好的问题。可以给学生布置以下任务：通过对话形式，将所学过的英美说法的不同之处，按实际生活和想象编一段对话。尽可能运用语言功能中表达语言困难的说法。
(5) 教学重点和难点：
词汇： include role international native elevator flat apartment rubber petrol gas modern culture actually present rule vocabulary usage identity government rapidly candy lorry command request retell polite boss standard Midwestern Spanish eastern southeastern northwestern recognize accent lightning direction subway block
短语： play a role (in) because of come up such as play a part (in)
重点语法项目：祈使句及其间接引语
难点：Expressing one’s idea on which kind of English one should learn; guess the name of speaker’s country by listening; how to tell the differences between a command and a request; how to change the pronoun when turning the direct speech into indirect speech.
(6) 教学策略： Discussion, Student-centered vocabulary, learning, listening, pair work, teach grammar in real situation
(7) 教学煤体设计： A projector and a tape recorder.
(8) 教学过程：详见以下分课时教学设计。
9) 课堂练习与课外作业设计： 穿插于分课时教学设计中
(10) 教学反思或值得改进的地方： 见每个课时最后部分。
Period 1: Speaking Warming Up and Pre-Reading
Aims
To talk about varieties of English
To discuss why do so many people speak English
Procedures
I. Warming up
1. Warming up by answering a questionnaire
1). Tell the students they are going to answer a questionnaire about why they are learning English.
2). Write the words: Reasons for learning a foreign language on the center of the board:
3). Ask the students to suggest as many reasons as they can think of, for example, for work, as a hobby, to learn about other people, to travel, to read literature in the original, to read research papers, to meet foreigners, to surf the Internet, to pass exams, etc. Write their suggestions on the board as they make them.
4). Divide the class into pairs.
5). Give out each student one questionnaire paper.
6). Explain the task. The students must question each other about their language learning needs (or motivations). Tell them that you are going to take in the questionnaires at the end, and that you’d like them to make clear notes. It works better if the two partners swap tasks (questions and answers) after each section of the questionnaire. If they wait till the end to swap, one student may use up all the time available.
7). When the task is finished, ask a couple of students to summarize their partners’ answers. (This may develop into a class discussion about language needs).
8). The students write five sentences on their feeling about learning English.
9). Collect the questionnaires. Needs Analysis Questionnaire
Interviewer_______________
Interviewee_______________
Present use: situations and skills
Reading (faxes, letters & reports)
Listening & speaking (telephoning, meetings, negotiations, public speaking, socializing)
Writing (faxes, letters & reports)
Future use: expectations & ambitions
课后反思：本课能比较好地完成教学目标，训练了学生说的能力，懂得如何表达自己的思想和意见。使学生了解了世界各地的英语是有所不同的，特别是了解英国英语和美国英语的区别。 同时使学生感受到学习英语的重要性。由于学生的口语水平有限，所以探讨的时候不是很深入。
Period 2 Reading：The Road to modern English
Aims
To talk about English
To read about the history of English language
Step 1 Skimming
Read quickly to get the main idea of the text.
Let the students find out key sentence of each paragraph or ask them to summarize the main point for each paragraph in their own words.
Paragraph 1: The spread of the English language in the world
Paragraph 2: Native speaker can understand each other but they may not be able to understand everything.
Paragraph 3: All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.
Paragraph 4: English is spoken as a foreign language or second language in Africa and Asia.
Step 2 Scanning
Read to locate particular information and complete the comprehending Exercise One.
Step 3 Comprehending
1. Check the answers to exercise 1 (page 10
2. Answer these questions (Page 11)
Work in groups. Discuss the two questions and then ask two groups to report their answers to the class.
1). Do you think it matters what kind of English you learn? Why?
Possible answer:
I don’t think so. Here are the reasons:
★ Native speakers from different parts of the world have no difficulty in understanding each other despite the fact that they speak a bit differently.
★ It is necessary for us to learn the narrow difference between different kinds of English if we hope to communicate fluently with native speakers of English from all over the world.
★ Different kinds of English have the same language core. If you have got a good command of one kind, you will almost have no difficulty understanding another kind of English.
(Any persuasive and supporting reason the students give can be accepted.)
2) Why do you think people all over the world want to learn English?
Possible answer:
The reasons why people all over the world want to learn English:
★ With economy globalization, English has become the best bridge to serve the purpose of people all over the world communicating with one another.
★ However, like all major languages in the world, English is always changing. In order to adjust to native speakers from different parts of the world, it is a must for people all over the world to learn English, whether in English speaking countries or in non-English speaking countries.
★ Also, people from different parts of the world speak English with various accent and dialects, and people have to learn about the difference between different kinds of English in order to avoid misunderstanding while communicating.
课后反思：本课是阅读课。英语阅读教学是高中教学的重中之重。许多英语教师对阅读训练也给予了足够的重视，但是在训练方式上却存在较多的问题。多数教师过分注重语法结构的分析和句子的机械翻译而忽视技巧培养。只有在阅读教学中教给学生一些学习策略，培养阅读技巧，才能让学生有可能通过课外自学来扩大知识的摄取量，从而弥补课堂英语阅读教学的不足。由于时间仓促以及学生口语水平的局限，本课时在学生让学生讨论的环节上，气氛不够热烈，讨论时间不足，今后应尽量鼓励学生多开口说英语，以弥补这方面的缺陷。
Period 3: Reading (Language points)
Aim
to master some words and phrases
1. include v.
a) contain
eg. The price includes both house and furniture.
b) embrace thing as part of whole eg. I include him among my friends. 2. present
a) adj: being at hand; being now出席的, 在场的;现在的, 当前的 该词可做前置定语也可做后置定语，当它做前置定语其义为“现在的”， 做后置定语其义为“出席的”
eg. The present members 现在的成员 The members present 在场的成员 b) n: gift
eg. He often gave his neighbor"s kids little presents. C)vt: to offer赠送,呈献[(+to/with)]
eg. They presented him with a bunch of flowers.
3. culture
n: [C][U] understanding of literature, art, music, etc
eg. He has studied the cultures of many western countries.
4．identity n: who or what a person or thing is
eg. You should show your identity card before you enter it.
5．rule
a) n:custom or statement about what must not be done
eg. He’s made it a rule to rise early.
It’s against the rules of the school to smoke.
b) vt: to govern or control
c) eg. The queen ruled her country for 20 years.
6． Request
vt: to ask for
eg. They requested financial support.
注意：这个词所接的宾语从句要用虚拟语气
I requested that he (should) come an hour earlier.
B )n: asking or being asked
eg. Mr. Paine made a request that I should help him.
7.command
a) vt: give orders to
eg. I command you to start at once. 注意：这个词所接的宾语从句要用虚拟语气
I command that you (should) start at once. b) n: order eg. The army received the command to fire. 8．Actually adv
eg. She looks young, but she"s actually 50.
Did you actually see him break the window?
9．International adj: of relating to or involving two or more countries in the world 国际的
eg. They are dealing with the international affairs. Many African countries received international help. 10.modern adj: recent
eg. This is a book of modern history. There is a modern hospital. 11. vocabulary n: all the words of language
eg. Wide reading will increase your vocabulary.
My English vocabulary is limited. 12.rapidly adv: quickly
eg. Our country develops rapidly. The number of learning English is increasing rapidly. 13.retell v: tell something once more
eg. Can you retell the story in your own word? The teacher asked you to retell it. 14.recognize v: to identify from previous experience
eg. He looked at the envelope and recognized Jenny"s handwriting immediately.
The policeman recognized her as a thief.
15. government n: group which govern a country or a certain area
eg. The government will decide the matter.
The government is discussing the problem.
Useful expressions
1.play a part/ role in: to act or to be involved in an activity
eg. He has played an important part in carrying out the whole plan.
English plays an important role in international communication.
2. because of：by reason of sb or sth
eg. Because of the storm he didn"t go there.
because of 与because 的区别，前者后接名词或代词，后者接句子
eg. He didn’t go to school because he was ill. He didn’t go to school because of his illness. 3．come up
eg. She came up and said, "Glad to meet you."
The moon came up gradually.
I"ll let him know if anything comes up.
4. such as: like; for example
eg. I like drinks such as tea and coffee.
such as 与for example 的区别，前者用来罗列事物或人后者用来举例说明
eg. English is also spoken in many places, such as Africa and Asia.
For example, Tom has the same opinion.
课后反思：本节课是课文知识点的传授。着重讲解课文中重要单词和短语的运用。不足之处，教学设计任务比较单一，练习不多。
Period 4 : Learning about Language
(Indirect Speech (II) requests & commands)
Aims
To discover useful words and expressions
To discover useful structures
Procedures
I. Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.” simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.” past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.” past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.” past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.” perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.” would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.” present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
He said, “Where do you go to school?” simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He asked me where I went to school.
imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.” infinitive
He said to go to school every day.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present
He says, “I go to school every day.” simple present + simple present
He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present
He has said, “I go to school every day.” present perfect + simple present
He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past
He was saying, “I went to school every day.” past progressive + simple past
He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
past progressive + past perfect
He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
can
He said, “I can go to school every day.” could
He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may
He said, “I may go to school every day.” might
He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might
He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must
He said, “I must go to school every day.” had to
He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to
He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should
He said, “I should go to school every day.” should
He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to
He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” ought to
He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.
Discovering useful words and expressions
1. Work in pairs. Do exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4. Then check the answer you’re your classmates. The teacher helps the students discover the difference in prepositions.
2. Play the tape for the students to listen and ask them to mark the sentence stress and intonation. Then practice reading in pairs.
(The teacher brings the students’ attention to the British and American words that are different but have the same meaning.)
III. Discovering useful structures
(Making commands and requests using indirect speech)
1. In groups of four, think of at least three commands your teachers and parents usually give.
You may follow these steps.
1) Choose one who is to give the first command.
2) Ask another person in your group to tell somebody what you said.
3) The third person will change the request or command from direct into indirect speech.
4) Change role so that each person gets the chance to give commands and turn them into indirect speech.
Example:
T: Please don’t talk in class.
S1: What did our teacher tell us? / What did our teacher say?
S2: He told/asked us not to talk in class. / She said not to talk in class.
2. Get the students thinking about the difference between the request and command.
Then read the replies and decide whether they are in answer to a request or a command. Write the sentence down.
★ A: _______________________________________
B: I’ll go and collect some wood right now, master.
★ A: _______________________________________
B: Of course I’ll be happy to collect your shopping for you.
★ A:__________________________________________
B: Yes. I’ll shut the door at once, Mr. Zhang.
★ A:_________________________________________
B: No, I won’t get your coat if you talk to me like that.
★ A:_________________________________________
B: Sorry. I’ll get that book for you right now.
课后反思：本节为语法课，主要讲述直接引语和间接引语的相互转换。教学设计依据《新课程标准理念》设计各种任务，使学生在完成这些任务的过程中理解、体验实际语言的运用，掌握好直接引语和间接引语的相互转换。
欧洲英文篇二:英语教学课件内容
背单词一直是学英语路上的一个千古难题,下面是小编为你带来的英语课件内容 ，欢迎阅读。
一、不教单词
我从未用过单词卡片，考心一苹果怎么说之类。中国人学英文，总喜欢从单词入手。这种教法，功利性太强，孩子短时间内可以记住很多单词，却对交流和兴趣毫无益处，时间长了，会让孩子厌倦英语。
在英语教学里，这叫top down，即从篇章、到句子再到单词。其实，回想一下，任何中国孩子学中文，一定是先会说完整句子了，三四岁左右，才会开始认字卡片。若是谁让一岁左右牙牙学语的孩子，天天认汉字卡片，他不烦才怪。而大多数中国家长，零起点教孩子英文，就是这样欲速不达。
每周，有英国女孩Sam，来家里和心一玩两次，每次一个半小时。我要求Sam不得表现出教学的形式，只是单纯地陪心一说话。心一开始很抵触，不愿说英文，现在却渐入佳境，每次和sam躲在小房里，唧唧呱呱地谈心。
二、坚持英文动画片
从佩佩猪开始，心一由不喜欢看英文片，到现在，想当然地认为，看电视就是看英文。Ben and Holy, 小公主，查理和罗拉等等，现在看64 Zoo Lane。
我只给心一看英国的动画片，不过幼儿园的外教，却是美国人。心一的口音，一开始没有特色，后来逐渐显现出英音的痕迹。不过，现在还未定型，我也没刻意矫正，顺其自然。
三、长期大量阅读绘本，每天不间断
对心一来讲，就是听读。虽然我没教心一单词，但心一见多了英文，也能认了。有时候我读着读着，突然停下来，指着一个关键词，心一立刻便可以读出来。当然，不能经常这样，心一一旦发现我在教她认字，立刻耍赖不读了。
心一听读过的绘本，比绝大多数英国幼儿园或小学低年级的孩子都多，大概有几百本了。有的故事听了不止一次，有的，津津有味地听了几十次。国外的绘本，在提升孩子阅读兴趣上，远远好于国内绘本。国内童话书太注重说教，严肃有余，趣味不足，不利于培养阅读兴趣。
心一喜欢的，往往都是些唯美的、或者纯粹搞怪、搞笑、无厘头，把正常秩序砸得稀巴烂的故事。西方道德教育，润物细无声，快乐中也能让懂得很多道理。前两天，就给心一读了本儿童无厘头诗集，心一竟诗兴大发，做了十几首英文诗，真令人欣慰啊。
给心一买书，念故事，虽然耗费我大量的时间，但对于自己的英文水准，知识结构，却有很大提升，相当于一次英语语言和英国文化的再启蒙，找到了很多英国文学里的源头。竟是意想不到的收获。若是陪着心一读到小学中学，我的英文，也能接近母语了。
理想中的英语教学是回归文学教育
中国的改革，其实就是恢复以前的常识。我读了不少闲书，对民国时期的英文系比较了解。我理想中的英语教育就是回归民国的英文系。一言以蔽之:文学教育。
当年的英文系，以文学为主。文学教育符合中国传统。中国几千年士大夫，均以诗文见长。西风东渐以后，文人墨客自然专注西方文学。
民国时期的英文教学，自由度颇高。没有什么统*教材，由教师自主。
1924年到1925学年，林语堂在北大教英文课《基本英文》，大英，还不是英专，用的教材是Hardy的The Return of the Natives，听说读写一体。郁达夫等人教的大一英文，教材是H.G.Wells的Time Machine，Conrad的Lord Jim，王尔德的戏剧等。
外语教学表明，母语与外语有正迁移作用。中文好的人，学外语更有潜质。
曾经的燕京大学英文系课程，强调文学性，分十九、十八、十七世纪英文文学，文艺复兴时期文学、莎士比亚等等。余光中回忆他读书时的金陵大学英文系，四分之三的课程是文学。
燕京大学英文系，与其他教会学校不同，重视母语，即中国古文。燕大有一年入学测试，就是翻译《桃花源记》，还不提供原文。
当年入学的学生，不少毕业于教会学校，英文应用能力颇高。而现在的学生，已经被中学英语教学彻底摧残，文学品味基本为零。
经典的，才是长远的。通过文学习得的英语能力，以及性情陶染，品味提升，会让学生终生受益。吴宓谈及文学的十大功能。即：“涵养心性，培植道德，通晓人性，谙悉世事，表现国民性，增长爱国心，确定政策，转移风俗，造成大同世界，促进真正文明”。
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10.老王教学课件
欧洲英文篇三:高一英语必修一课文原文及译文
很快就要到寒假了，同学们都复习得怎么样了，为了让大家在期末考试考出好成绩，接下来小编为你带来高一英语必修一课文原文及译文，希望对你有帮助。
必修一 Unit1
Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by my self. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window bad to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly …I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne
第一单元 友谊Reading 安妮最好的
朋友 你是不是想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友呢?或者你是不是担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮·弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，于是她就把
日记当成了她最好的朋友。 安妮在第二次世界大战期间住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则他们就会被德国纳粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了两年之后才被发现。在这段时间里，她唯一的忠实朋友就是她的日记了。她说，“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把这本日记当作我的朋友，我要把我这个朋友称作基蒂”。安妮自从1942年7月起就躲藏在那儿了，现在，来看看她的
心情吧。 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神往过。自从我来到这里，这一切都变了。 比方说，有天晚上天气很暖和，我熬到11点半故意不睡觉，为的是独自好好看看月亮。但是因为月光太亮了，我不敢打开窗户。还有一次，就在五个月以前的一个晚上，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的。我一直等到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去。漆黑的夜晚，风吹雨打，雷电交加，我全然被这种力量镇住了。这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚 令人伤心的是我只能透过脏兮兮的窗帘观看大自然，窗帘悬挂在沾满灰尘的窗前，但观看这些已经不再是乐趣，因为大自然是你必须亲身体验的。 Using Language Reading, listening and writing 亲爱的王小姐： 我同班上的同学有件麻烦事。我跟我们班里的一位男同学一直相处很好，我们常常一起做家庭作业，而且很乐意相互帮助。我们成了非常好的朋友。可是，其他同学却开始在背后议论起来，他们说我和这位男同学在谈恋爱，这使我很生气。我不想中断这段友谊，但是我又讨厌人家背后说闲话。我该怎么办呢? Reading and writing 尊敬的编辑： 我是苏州高中的一名
学生。我有一个难题，我不太善于同人们交际。虽然我的确试着去跟班上的同学交谈，但是我还是发现很难跟他们成为好朋友。因此，有时候我感到十分孤独。我确实想改变这种现状，但是我却不知道该怎么办。如果您能给我提些建议，我会非常感激的。
Unit2
the Road to Modern English At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world, and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. Look at this example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? American Amy: Yes. I’d like to come up to you apartment. So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At fist the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was base more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD 500 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia to. English began to be spoken in both countries. Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling. English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. During that time English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.
第二单元 世界上的
英语 Reading 通向现代英语之路 16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都
生活在英国。后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海征服了世界其它地区。于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。 以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。请看以下例子： 英国人贝蒂：“请到我的公寓(flat)里来看看，好吗?” 美国人艾米：“好的。我很乐意到你的公寓(apartment)去。” 那么，英语在一段时间里为什么会起变化呢?事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所发展，有所变化。首先，在公元450年到1150年间，人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样。当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的，而现代英语不是。然后，渐渐地，大约在公元800年到1150年期间，英语不那么像德语了。因为那时的英国的统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。这些新的定居者大大丰富了英语语言，特别是在词汇方面。所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。在1620年，一些英国人搬迁到美洲定居。后来，到了19世纪，有些英国人也被送往澳大利亚，两个国家的人都开始说英语了。 最后，到20世纪，英语才真正定形。那时，英语在拼写上发生了两大变化：首先，塞缪尔·约翰逊编写了词典，后来，诺厄·韦伯斯特编纂了《美国英语词典》，后者体现了美国英语拼写的不同特色。 现在，英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言来说。比如说，印度拥有众多讲英语很流利的人，这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。在那期间，英语成了官方语言和
教育用语。在新加坡、马来西亚和非洲其它国家，比如南非，人们也说英语。目前在
中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。事实上，中国可能拥有世界上最多的英语学习者。中国英语会发展出自己的特色吗?这只能由时间来回答了。 Using Language 标准英语和方言 什么是标准英语?是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗?信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的就是标准英语，这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。然而，在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。 当人们用不同于“标准语言”的词语时，那就叫做方言。美国英语有许多方言，特别是中西部和南部地区的方言，以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。在美国有些地区，即使是相邻城镇的两个人所说的语言都可能稍有不同。美国英语之所以有这么多的方言是因为美国人是来自世界各地的缘故。 地理位置对方言的产生也有影响。住在美国东部山区的一些人说着比较古老的英语方言。当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，他们也就把他们的方言随着带去了。因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。美国是一个使用多种方言的大国。虽然许多美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍然能够辨别、理解彼此的方言。
Unit3
Journey Down the Mekong My name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college if Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got time interested in cycling too. After graduating from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, “Where are we going?” It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. Now I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, “When are we leaving and when are we coming back?” I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course she hadn’t; my sister doesn’t care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province. She gave me a determined look -- the kind that said she would not change her mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters, she seemed to be excited about it. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. I know my sister well. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in. Several months before our trip, Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography. From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, traveling across western Yunnan Province. Sometimes the river becomes a water fall and enters wide valleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China and high altitude, the Mekong becomes wide, brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.
第三单元
游记Reading 沿湄公河而下的旅程 第一部分梦想与计划 我的名字叫王坤。从高中起，我姐姐王薇和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车
旅行。两年前，她买了一辆昂贵的山地自行车，然后还说服我买了一辆(山地车)。去年她去看望了我们的表兄弟——在昆明读大学的刀卫和宇航。他们是傣族人，在云南省西部靠近澜沧江的地方长大，湄公河在中国境内的这一段叫澜沧江，在其他国家(境内)叫湄公河。很快，王薇使表兄弟也对骑车
旅游产生了兴趣。大学毕业以后，我们终于有了机会骑自行车旅行。我问我姐姐：“我们要去哪儿?”首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅游的是我的姐姐。现在她正在为我们的旅行制定计划。 我很喜欢我姐姐，但是她有一个很严重的缺点。她有时确实很固执。尽管她对去某些地方的最佳路线并不清楚，她却坚持要自己把这次旅游安排得尽善尽美。于是，我就知道这个尽善尽美的方式总是她的方式。我不停地问她，“我们什么时候出发?什么时候回来?”我还问她是否看过地图。当然她并没有看过——我的姐姐是不会考虑细节的。
于是，我告诉她，湄公河的源头在青海省。她给了我一个坚定的眼神——这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的。我说，我们的旅行将从5, 000多米的高地出发，这时她似乎显得很兴奋。当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难，而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。我非常了解我的姐姐，她一旦下了决心，什么也不能使她改变。最后，我只好让步了。 在我们旅行前的几个月，王薇和我去了图书馆。我们找到一本大型地图册，里面有一些世界地理的明细图。我们从图上可以看到，湄公河发源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初，江面很小，河水清澈而冷冽，然后它开始快速流动。它穿过深谷时就变成了急流，流经云南西部。有时，这条江形成瀑布，进入宽阔的峡谷。我们俩惊奇地发现这条河有一半是在中国境内。当流出中国，流出高地之后，湄公河就变宽了，变暖了，河水也变成了黄褐色。
而当它进入东南亚以后，流速减缓，河水蜿蜒缓慢地穿过低谷，流向生长稻谷的平原。最后，湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中国南海。 Using Language 夜晚的西藏山景 第二部分山中一宿 虽然是秋天，但是西藏已经开始下雪了。我们的腿又沉又冷，感觉就像大冰块。你看到过雪人骑自行车吗?我们看上去就像那样。一路上，一些身着羊毛大衣的孩子们停下来看着我们。下午晚些时候，我们发现由于天冷我们的水壶都冻上了。然而，湖水在落日的余晖下闪亮如镜，景色迷人。像往常一样，王薇在我的前面，她很可靠，我知道我用不着给她鼓劲儿。上山很艰难，但是当我们环顾四周，(眼前的)景色让我们感到惊奇，我们似乎能看到几百里以外的地方。
在某个时刻，我们发现自己置身高处，彷佛骑车穿越云层。然后我们开始下山，这非常有趣，特别是天气逐渐变得暖和多了。在山谷里，五彩斑斓的蝴蝶翩翩飞舞在我们身旁，我们还看到牦牛和羊群在吃草。这时，我们不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和长裤脱掉，换成T恤衫和短裤。 一到傍晚，我们通常就停下来宿营，(于是)，我们先把帐篷支起来，然后吃饭。晚饭后，王薇把头放在枕头上就睡觉了，而我却醒着。半夜里，天空变得清朗了，星星更亮了。(夜晚)非常安静——几乎没有风，只有篝火的火焰和我们做伴。当我躺在星空下，我想着我们已经走了多远。 我们很快就要到达云南的大理。在那里，我们的表兄弟刀卫和宇航将加入我们的行列。我们迫不及待地想要见到他们!
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